Glossary, Windows and Doors Installation in Toronto

Balance System

A device that holds a vertically sliding sash in any desired position. Its main functionality is counterbalancing the weight of the sash during opening and closing.

Bay Window

Large windows that come in angled sections; the middle pane is fixed, while some models feature outer panes that open up for airflow. Bay windows are often found in living areas; they are inviting, create depth, and can significantly increase the amount of light that a room receives. These windows are large and often feature inner ledges that can be decorated.

Bow Window

A combination of four or more windows that project out from the home, joined at a 10-degree angle.

Brick Mould

An exterior (milled) trim piece that covers the gap between a window or door frame and the opening that it sits in. In addition to serving as an anchor point for installation of the unit, brick moulds provide a boundary for brick or other siding material, on the face of the building and attachment of hardware (sometimes called ‘shake mould’).

Bronze-Tint Glass

Glass tinted with a light bronze colouring, which reduces the amount of light allowed through the pane.

Butyl Rubber

Butyl rubber is a synthetic combination or polymerization of 98% isobutylene and 2% isoprene. It offers physical durability, low gas and moisture permeability, and shock absorption. This material also resists aging, ozone, weathering, water, chemicals and heat. Its high adhesive level allows butyl rubber to stick on surfaces like glass, wood, plastic, aluminum, and galvanized metal even during low temperatures. Contractors favour butyl rubber due to its diverse applications, which include vehicle improvements, household repairs, and window sealing.

Canadian homeowners can use butyl rubber as a sealant for window and door drafts. Its impermeability creates an airtight and watertight seal that prevents water, air, and other gases from entering or exiting your home. This helps in-home HVAC systems function more efficiently to lower utility costs.

Butyl rubber is also great at resisting UV radiation when compared to other sealant materials; it maintains its strength through extended periods of sunlight exposure. Its flexible nature also means it can adapt to temperature changes by expanding or contracting when it’s hot or cold to prevent cracks.

Butyl rubber is available in various thicknesses and widths. Canadian hardware stores may offer tape rolls or pre-cut pieces that are one-sided or double-sided to suit all sorts of projects.

Cam Lock and Keeper

A mechanism that pulls the sash together when placed in the locked position.

Caming

A grooved, usually H-shaped, rod of cast lead used to hold window panes or pieces of glass together.

Capping

Cosmetic covering, usually found on the exterior of a window or door for aesthetics, or to integrate the window or door system into a building surface or weatherproofing system. Also known as ‘cladding’. Usually made of aluminum.

Casement Window

A casement window is an operable window with one or more hinges attached to its one side and the window frame. Contractors usually fit this in single or double panels and install hinges on its left or right side, making it possible to open outwards or inwards to the left or right. This window type is also known as a crank window because of its crank, cam, or lever handle that turns or operates the supporting arm of the window.

This window type comes in different styles: single, double, push-out, and in-swing. It's great for improving ventilation and natural light in a home because of its operability. It’s also the most energy-efficient option due to its airtight and waterproof seal on all sides. In terms of security, a casement window can make you feel safe since it can’t be opened from the outside. Homeowners can boost protection by adding locks on these windows.

Casement windows offer versatility that can add flair to your home. They’re available in various sizes, shapes, glass options, and colours. As for material, vinyl is the most common, cost-effective, and energy-efficient option, but some casement windows are made of aluminum and timber.

Browse through our Casement Windows collection!

Caulk

Sealing cracks and joints around window and door frames to prevent air and water infiltration.

Caulking

Caulking means sealing gaps between components and materials using caulk—a flexible sealant made up of latex, silicone, rubber, or any polymer combination. Its consistency prevents water, air, dust, and insects from entering quarter-inch-wide gaps, making it a good choice for securing windows, doors, plumbing, and more.

Because of the diverse caulking applications, it comes in different types: silicone, polyurethane expandable spray foam, water-based foam sealant, butyl rubber, latex, and oil or resin-based solution. Each type varies in texture, consistency, and thickness to accommodate specific needs.

Some caulking compounds take the form of cartridges placed inside half-barrel caulking guns, while others come in pressurized cartridges. They all come with pointed tips to make the application precise and fast.

Caulking is one of the most popular methods for draftproofing windows because it’s accessible and easy. It’s best to perform this process during dry temperatures to prevent the cracks from swelling with moisture. Before applying caulk, ensure the window’s surface is clean and free from old caulk or paint. Then, point the caulk’s tip at a forty-five-degree angle and release the product in a continuous line. The amount of caulk should be enough to cover the sides of a crack or seam.

Centre of Glass - U-values and R-values

U-values and R-values, measured from the center of the glass to 2-1/2″ from the frame.

Conduction

Transmission of energy (heat and cold) through a solid material via direct contact.

Convection

Window convection is a cyclical heat transfer process in which the hot air from a heating source comes into contact with the cold glass of the windows. Upon contact, the warm air loses heat, gains density, and sinks into the floor. The heating source sucks the now-cooled air, heats it, and releases it into the room, repeating the cycle.

This phenomenon is different from having drafty windows. Drafts let cold air enter the room due to holes in a window, while window convection occurs due to the stark temperature differences between the room and window glass. Most importantly, the latter is a natural occurrence and is never a sign of seal failure or faulty windows.

The convection cycle lessens when a window's indoor and outdoor temperatures are balanced. Here are tips to reduce window convection:

- Slightly leave the curtains or blinds open to let a portion of warm air hit the glass.
- Improve air circulation by cleaning air vents and using fans & air purifiers.
- Upgrade your window glass by choosing a new set with insulating features.
- Move around furniture so they don't block air vents.
- Consider switching to double or triple-glazed windows to effectively slow heat transfer.

Cladding

Cladding is a protecctive material applied to the outside faces of doors and windows (exterior skin), providing a durable, low-maintenance exterior surface. Typically made from materials like aluminum, vinyl, or fiberglass, cladding acts as a shield for the underlying structure, preventing damage from moisture, UV rays, and temperature changes. This added layer helps extend the life of the window or door while reducing maintenance needs.

For homeowners, cladding offers both practical and aesthetic benefits. It reduces the need for regular painting or refinishing, as the cladding material resists fading, warping, and cracking. From an energy-efficiency standpoint, cladding also helps improve the window's insulation by providing an additional barrier against heat loss or gain.

Cladding comes in a variety of colors and finishes, allowing homeowners to match or complement their home's exterior style. It's a popular choice for modern and traditional homes alike, offering a sleek, low-maintenance finish that enhances both performance and curb appeal. In many cases, cladding is used in combination with wood-framed windows, providing the warmth of wood indoors with the durability of a weatherproof exterior.

Dead-Air Apace

The space between the panes of glass of a sealed unit.

Deadbolt

The locking mechanism installed on entry doors. It features a throw (the bolt) that locks into place within the frame. Deadbolts provide greater security than standard door locks, as they are very difficult to open through forced entry.

Desiccant

A drying agent (similar to silica gel) used in insulating glass to absorb water vapor. Prevents fogging.

Divided Lite

A window with a number of smaller panes of glass, separated and held in place by muntins.

Door Jamb

A door jamb is an essential component of a door frame, providing structural support and a stable base for the door itself. It is the vertical portion of the door frame that runs alongside the edge of the door and helps to hold it in place when closed. The door jamb is crucial for maintaining the integrity and functionality of the door, ensuring it fits securely within the door frame and opens and closes smoothly.

The door jamb consists of three parts: head, strike, and hinge jambs. The vertical sections, strike and hinge, are where the strike plate and hinges are attached. The head jamb runs horizontally, connecting the two vertical sides of a door frame.

There are three types of door jambs: rabbeted, split, and flat. Rabbeted jambs have a groove cut into the wood and come with a built-in stop. Split jambs are made of two parts to accommodate a thick and wide wall, while flat jambs are for matching a pre-existing standard doorway opening.

Wood is the standard material used for building a door jamb. Almost all residential houses have wooden jambs without a specific finish since they’ll be hidden once a casing or trim is installed. On the other hand, commercial settings call for building steel, aluminum, or fibreglass door jambs for long-term durability and weather resistance.

In addition to providing structural support, door jambs also play a role in weatherproofing and insulating the entryway. Weatherstripping, which is often attached to the door jamb, helps to seal any gaps between the door and the frame, preventing drafts, moisture, and outdoor elements from entering the interior of a building. This improves energy efficiency and enhances the comfort of the indoor environment.

Door Slab

A door panel without lites, a frame, or sweeps installed.

Double Glazed Units

Units consisting of two lites of glass, and one air space in between.

Double Glazing

Double glazing—also known as a double pane—refers to a window with two glass panes separated by a spacer bar, creating a thin gap to be filled by air or an insulating gas. This window type became standard in homes in the 1970s because an insulation layer provides better temperature regulation, noise reduction, and security.

Double-glazed windows are great for retaining heat indoors during colder months in Canada. Inert gases—such as argon, krypton, and xenon—become the barrier that slows heat transfer between two differing temperatures. When cold air hits the external panes of the window unit, the cool temperature transfers to the gas layer and delays conduction. Simultaneously, this insulating layer reduces heat transmission outside the window when warm air hits the internal pane.

Double glazing has essentially phased out single-pane windows. The former is more energy efficient and better suited for homes in Canada given the variability of temperatures residents experience.

Double Hung Window

A window style that opens vertically on the top and bottom. These windows are best suited for rooms where you want to maintain privacy and have ample natural light and airflow. You can open the bottom sash when you need to cool a space, or the top when you want to vent warm air out.

Dry Glazing

An alternative method of placing glass in a door or window. Dry glazing is recommended whenever reflective coatings are glazed on the first surface.

Dual-Durometer

A material that has two or more levels of flexibility. An example is the weather stripping used between the frame & sash of a casement window.

Door Sweep

A door sweep is a weather-stripping system installed at the bottom of a door that prevents air and water from passing under the door. It seals the gap between the door and the floor, serving as a barrier against drafts, dust, pests, and even noise, helping to improve a room's insulation and overall comfort. Door sweeps are especially useful in exterior doors or doors that lead to unconditioned spaces, such as basements or garages, where maintaining a tight seal is important for energy efficiency.

Door sweeps come in different styles and materials, including rubber, vinyl, or metal. Some are installed using adhesive strips, while others are screw-mounted for a more permanent solution. Automatic door sweeps are also available, designed to drop down when the door is closed and retract when opened.

In addition to reducing energy costs by preventing drafts, door sweeps can also help keep insects and small rodents out of your home, making them a valuable feature for maintaining a clean and comfortable living environment. They are a simple yet effective tool for enhancing a door’s performance, requiring minimal maintenance but providing significant benefits over time.

Dormer

A dormer is a structural element that protrudes vertically from the sloped roof of a house, typically including one or more windows. Dormers are used to increase the usable space in the upper levels of a building, such as attics or lofts, by adding headroom and natural light. They are often seen in traditional or colonial-style homes, but modern designs also incorporate dormers to enhance architectural character and functionality.

Dormers come in various styles, including gable, hipped, and shed dormers, each contributing a different aesthetic to the building. Gable dormers have a triangular shape with a peaked roof, while shed dormers have a flat roof sloping in the same direction as the main roof. Hipped dormers have three sloping sides that blend into the roofline.

Beyond their practical benefits, dormers also serve as decorative architectural features, adding visual interest to the exterior of a home. They can make the roofline more dynamic and give the appearance of a larger or more complex structure. Inside, dormers create cozy, functional spaces, often used for seating, storage, or additional living areas in rooms with sloped ceilings.

Easy-Clean Glass

A specialty option that can be applied to the glaze; refers to the coating that helps prevent moisture and grime buildup. Rain that comes into contact with these windows will be sheeted off. This option is recommended for high up or hard to reach units.

Egress

Egress means “the act of going out,” “the right to go out,” or “the means of going out.” In architecture, this term refers to an exit or escape route for building occupants in case of an emergency. Building codes require egresses placed strategically in different areas of a residential home, ensuring everyone inside has quick and easy access to emergency exits.

Based on the National Building Code of Canada, egress windows should meet the following requirements:

- It must have an unobstructed opening with an area of no less than 0.35 sqm (3.8 sqft) and dimensions of no less than 380 mm (15 inches).
- All dimensions should be over 380 mm (15 inches).
- When adding a required window well, it should be out from the window at least 760 mm (30 inches) to grant occupants a spacious exit.
- The window well opening should have a depth of over 760 mm (30 inches).
- The sill height shouldn’t go beyond 44 inches (1,118 mm) from floor level.

Egress windows should be easy to open and never delay exit. Casement, single slider, and single & double hung window types are good options for this purpose. When installing egress windows, it’s highly recommended to consult with window experts, contractors, and manufacturers for expert advice and guidance.

Egress Code

The code that requires a minimum opening size of a window for people to exit, or for firefighters to enter.

Egress Window

A window with an opening size as required by the local building code, to allow occupants to escape through the window in case of a fire.

Electronic Deadbolt

A type of deadbolt that features an automatic locking system. Electronic models come equipped with keypads that can store a number of code combinations for user convenience. They can be programmed to automatically lock when you leave your home, too. They feature all the same hardware as traditional deadbolts; the throw is released electronically, although it can be manually turned as well.

Emissivity

The measure of a material’s effectiveness in emitting thermal energy. In the case of glass, it refers to its ability to cool itself from sources of heat, such as the sun.

End Vent Slider

A window that features a fixed center sash, flanked by two sliding outer sashes. The sliding panes can be tilted inward for cleaning purposes; these windows are perfect for ventilating spaces. They are best suited where outside space would be compromised by an out-swinging window.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency refers to using less energy to do more. For example, LED (light-emitting diode) and CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) lightbulbs are energy-efficient products that illuminate your homes as effectively as their incandescent counterparts while using significantly less energy to do so.

Arthur Rosenfeld started the energy efficiency movement in 1973 when the U.S. experienced an oil embargo. He reflected on how Americans could be less inefficient and wasteful when using limited energy resources. Rosenfeld began his mission of addressing excessive energy usage by researching and creating a new set of standards for energy efficiency.

With energy efficiency standards spreading worldwide, government agencies reinforced the cause by informing everyone of its direct benefits: consumer cost savings, less environmental stress, community resilience, and improved business competition. Manufacturers from various industries have since continued to sell energy-efficient products to help consumers save money while lowering their carbon footprint in the process.

Aside from that, government agencies consistently invite consumers to join the movement by providing the necessary aid in achieving an energy-efficient home. They achieve this through energy rebates and grants that reimburse qualified participants for their expenses on some eco-friendly home components. These organizations also recommend resources for free energy audits to help consumers identify what changes they must make to achieve an energy-efficient home.

ENERGY STAR®

The ENERGY STAR® label signifies that a product, such as appliances, electronics, windows, and more, meets of exceeds energy efficiency guidelines set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States. This label indicates that the product has undergone testing and verification to demonstrate its ability to significantly reduce energy consumption without compromising performance.

For windows and doors, an ENERGY STAR® label indicates that these products have been designed and tested to effectively insulate against heat transfer, reducing energy loss and enhancing comfort. They contribute to lower heating and cooling costs while promoting sustainability by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.

Manufacturers and service providers can only display this logo on their products when they meet all ENERGY STAR® requirements. To earn an ENERGY STAR® certification, products must pass strict energy efficiency criteria set by the organization. These standards may change depending on what kind of product needs to be tested. During this process, a recognized third party manages the examination to ensure objectivity as they confirm if a product meets the existing standards.

Since its launch in 1992, ENERGY STAR® has made immense contributions to environmental protection. It continues to create a market of energy-efficient products, allowing consumers and organizations to use less energy while getting the job done. When shopping for products, the appearance of the ENERGY STAR® logo helps consumers make informed decisions about energy and cost savings.

Entrance Door

A door on the front entrance of a structure; also known as a “front” or “main” entrance door; may be single or in pairs.

Exact Window Size

The dimensions of a window or door unit measured along the outside of the frame.

Exterior Stop

The removable glazing bead that holds the glass or panel in place when it’s on the exterior side of the light or panel.

Extrusion

The process of shaping aluminum or vinyl by forcing it through a die, producing continuous strips of material formed to a specific shape or profile.

The material is forced through a die which has been cut to match the desired profile. As the material is extruded through the die, it is cut to the desired length and allowed to cool. This process is commonly utilized in creating frame and sash materials, as well as glass insulating spacers and glazing sealers.

Failed IG Unit

An insulated glass unit failure is the industry term for permanent material obstruction of vision through the unit, due to the accumulation of dust, moisture, or film on the internal surface of the glass.

Fenestration

Fenestration refers to the arrangement and design of openings in a building, including windows, doors, and skylights. In Latin, "fenestra" means a small opening or pore in an anatomical structure and directly translates to "window."

Fenestration serves two purposes: elevating the aesthetics of a building’s exterior and improving the indoor environment. Creating openings for doors and windows breaks the seal of a structure, creating paths for air to pass through. Having ample fenestration increases home comfort, enhances indoor air quality, and boosts energy efficiency.

Architects work hand-in-hand with window and door manufacturers, clients, and contractors to create a functional building design featuring the most ideal fenestration. Common types of fenestration include:

- Single or double hung windows
- Casement windows
- Awning windows
- Sliding windows
- Bay and bow windows
- Picture windows
- Transom windows
- Skylights

In essence, fenestration is a pivotal architectural consideration that balances practicality and design, shaping the interaction between interior and exterior spaces.

Fiberglass Doors

These doors are very durable and have a place in most households. They have the beauty of hardwood, but are not subject to dents, cracks, or splitting. The paneling designs on fiberglass doors can be custom-tailored for a unique finish!

Fire Rated Doors

A door constructed in such a manner to pass ASTM E-152 "Fire Test Of Door Assemblies," and can be rated as resisting fire for 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes (C), 1 hour (B), or 1-1/2 hours (B). The door must be tested and carry an identifying label from a qualified testing and inspection agency.

Fixed Window

Windows that do not open; they feature a thinner frame and larger glass pane for maximum viewing space. ‘Picture windows’ can be installed anywhere; they provide maximum energy-efficiency due to the lack of an opening system, and are a great choice when you need to brighten a dark or small space.

Flanker

The designation given to units that flank a center picture unit in a double or triple combination window.

Flashing

Flashing is a crucial element in window installation designed to prevent water infiltration and moisture damage. It's a thin, flexible material, often made of metal, plastic, or rubber, applied around the perimeter of windows. Flashing serves to create a barrier that directs water away from the vulnerable areas where window meets the wall.

Flashing is placed both above and below windows, along the sides, and sometimes integrated into the window's sill. It helps to seal gaps, channels rainwater and moisture away from the building envelope, and prevents leaks that could lead to structural damage, mould growth, and energy loss.

Properly installed flashing works in conjunction with other water-resistant components, like caulking and insulation, to ensure a tight and effective seal around windows, enhancing their longevity and contributing to the overall durability and efficiency of a building.

Window manufacturers recommend a specific sequence for flashing during window installation. While it’s possible to install window flashing on your own, it’s best to leave this task to the professionals. Their expertise makes them more adept and precise, preventing errors that may lead to costly expenses.

Flat Glass

All types of glass (rolled, float, plate, etc.) manufactured in a flat form, regardless of the method of production.

Float Glass

Float glass—also known as flat glass—is produced by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal (typically tin).

It is a smooth and distortion-free glass with a light green shimmering finish that transmits incident light well. As such, many manufacturers use it for various window applications, such as creating tinted and laminated glass.

The popularity of float glass soared around the mid-60s after Alastair Pilkington introduced its creation process to the world in 1959. When the molten glass is poured onto the tin inside a container, their differences in density push the glass to float, spread, and take its shape. Because of this, its surface is free from air pockets like bubbles and streaks, making it a more pleasant option than flat glass.

Float glass has many benefits: durability, high light transmission, and resistance to temperature changes. This glass type is also customizable, allowing you to create various shapes and sizes to fit your preferences. That’s why it has become a common material used for windows, doors, automobiles, and insulated glass. Manufacturers can further process float glass to form specialized glasses (i.e. toughened, frosted, laminated).

Frame

The enclosure in which the window sash or door panels are mounted. Refers to the part the sash fits into (head, jambs and sill).

French Doors

French doors are hinged doors with glass panels spanning their length. They can have thick frames on the top and sides or grid patterns separating each panel.

This type of door often comes in pairs that swing and meet in the middle, but any door with glass panels from top to bottom is considered a French door. These single French doors save space and still add intrigue to any room.

French doors were first made in 17th-century France to bring more natural light into dimly lit homes. Its glass-panelled doors allow light to flow into your home, making it ideal for patios or entryways. A pair of French doors opens up your space, perfect for extending your kitchen or dining room to an outdoor dining area.

Adding French doors to your home increases its appeal in multiple ways. The symmetry and proportion of this door type unify all elements within your space, making it pleasing to the eye. Its stylish design is enough to elevate a plain room and make it an eye-catcher.

If you’re worried about heat loss and inefficiency, window and door manufacturers can transform your doors into dual or triple panes with additional glazing.

Full Screen

A screen which covers the entire opening of a window.

Fusion-Welded

The process of heating mitered corners to 2008°F, bringing the heated corners into contact until they fuse together into a single piece of vinyl.

Gas-Filled Units

Insulating glass units with a gas other than air (usually an inert gas, such as argon) in the airspace between the panes. This is done to decrease the unit's thermal conductivity (U-value) and increase the unit's sound insulating value.

Gas Fillings

Refers to the type of gas that is present between the panes of glass. Argon and krypton fillings are used often, as they slow down the heat transfer inside the glaze. This increases the energy-efficiency of the window better than windows that contain air.

Gasket

A window gasket is a sealing tool found around the window pane to prevent air and water leakage. It’s a rubber, silicone, neoprene, or felt material you’ll find lodged within the edges of stationary and viewing windows in various applications, such as residential, commercial, and industrial. Its insulating properties prevent outside noise from entering your home and keep hot and cold air from escaping, lowering your heating and cooling costs.

There are various window gasket types: bubble gaskets, E gaskets, wedge gaskets, flipper gaskets, and brush-type gaskets. Each has a unique shape, texture, and size for different sealing applications. Window manufacturers often use bubble and wedge gaskets because they’re easily manipulated to fit and seal windows.

Over time, these pre-installed gaskets lose effectiveness and cause issues at home. If you experience draft, window condensation, window water leaks, sticky windows, and visible window gaps, it’s time to replace your gaskets with new ones.

Before replacing window gaskets, ensure you get the same type as the old ones. Then, get the measurements of the old gaskets and apply them to the new ones. Peel off the existing gasket and clean the dirt and leftover debris. Get the new gasket and push it into the window glass and frame with your fingers until it completely seals the window.

Geometric

Specially-designed windows; classified as either straight line geometries such as rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, octagons, pentagons, etc., or radius geometries which include half-rounds, quarter-rounds, full-rounds, sectors, ellipses, eyebrows, etc.

Glass

The pane that sits inside the frame.

Glazing

The process of sealing the glass to the sash. This can also refer to the number of panes that are present in the window. You can choose from double or triple glazed options; the latter is recommended for very cold climates, but most homes are suited for double glazed units.

Glazing Stop

The part of the sash or door panel which holds the glass in place.

Gliding Window

A window that opens horizontally; the panels slide left and right on a built-in track. Gliding windows are great space-savers and can be opened and closed with ease. They are recommended for use as an emergency escape window, due to the speed at which they can be opened.

Grills

Window grills are vertical or horizontal bars placed in between window panes to create a unique look and give your home an attractive appeal. Installing these in your windows creates an illusion that the glass is divided into smaller individual panes.

It comes in different layouts that make your house's exterior stand out. These include colonial, prairie frame, prairie glass hung, traditional hung, simulated hung, fractional, diamond, custom patterns, simulated divide hung, and simulated divide.

Window grills have different types: grills between the glass (GBG), simulated divided lites (SDL), and detachable grills. The GBG window type has grills installed between glass panes in dual and triple-glazed windows. SDL grills are applied on the surface of the glass, both in the window’s interior and exterior. Detachable grills are designs you can remove whenever needed, making cleaning easier.

All these designs form a traditional separated windowpane look. They only differ in how the grills are installed on the window pane.

Installing window grills adds another layer of security to your home. It blocks intruders from entering, preventing them from tampering or breaking the window for entrance. These stylish yet practical window additions also protect your children and pets from falling out of the window.

Half Screen

A screen which does not cover the entire opening of a window. Used on the bottom half of single hung units, and on the operating sash of single sliders.

Head

The horizontal top portion of a window or door frame.

Head Expander

An individual U-channel installation accessory that may be fitted to the head of a replacement window; accommodates differences between opening and window heights.

Header

A horizontal framing member placed over the rough opening of a window, preventing the weight of the wall or roof from resting on the window frame.

Hinge

Hinges are mechanical hardware that connect two objects and allow them to rotate at a limited angle. It consists of three parts: two leaves, one knuckle and one pin. Leaves are flat metal surfaces screwed to the objects to connect and move with them, while the knuckle, a hollow circular joint where the pin is inserted, allows them to rotate.

Hinges are used for objects that are opened and closed for function, such as gates, windows, doors, cabinets, vehicles, pianos, and other enclosures. There are over 24 hinge types available to accommodate various applications. These include butt hinges, spring-loaded hinges, self-closing hinges, concealed hinges, and gate hinges, to name a few.

Different hinge types offer more freedom of movement for smoother operation. For example, spring-loaded hinges are ideal for doors that need automated closing, like emergency exits.

Despite the power of hinges, it’s the most vulnerable part of mechanical projects since it carries the load of the connected elements. This mechanical connection will sag and snap over time, creating inconvenience. If you’re shopping for hinges for a house construction project, you must consider these factors: load, required end play, hinge orientation, installation, aesthetics, and corrosion resistance. These elements help you find a hinge type that’ll last a long time.

Hinge Mortise

The area cut away to accept the hinge leaf, for mounting on a door frame or door edge.

Horizontal Slider

A window with movable panes that slide horizontally.

Hard Water Stain

A hard water stain on glass is a blemish on a glass surface created by water or other solutions. When water with a high mineral content evaporates from glass surfaces, it leaves behind a cloudy, white residue that can build up over time, resulting in a dull or dirty appearance. These stains are common on shower doors, windows, and outdoor glass fixtures exposed to rainwater or sprinkler systems.

Removing hard water stains can be difficult, especially if the deposits have been allowed to accumulate. Basic cleaning with soap and water usually won’t be enough to eliminate them, and specialized cleaning solutions or a mixture of vinegar and water may be needed to break down the mineral deposits. In severe cases, professional-grade cleaners or glass polishing treatments might be required.

Preventing hard water stains involves minimizing the exposure of glass to hard water, using water softeners, or regularly wiping down surfaces with a squeegee after exposure. Left untreated, hard water stains can become more pronounced and even cause permanent damage to the glass, especially if minerals etch the surface over time.

I.G. Unit (Insulating Glass Unit)

Two or more lites of glass, separated by a spacer and hermetically sealed at the glass edges.

Infiltration

Air infiltration in windows refers to the differences between outdoor and indoor air pressure and pushes it to flow through the small gaps between the sash and frame. The exchange of outdoor and indoor air causes stress on heating and cooling systems, making them inefficient.

Having a high air infiltration rate typically means energy bills will go up as well. Homeowners can fix this issue by following these tips:

- Ensure all windows are firmly closed and locked
- Clean debris from weather stripping that makes the material ineffective
- Inspect windows for damaged and missing caulk and replace them
- Cover any holes near or on the sash and frame with caulk

While these preventive measures may help, they won’t fix issues like bad window installation. Unlevelled windows cause air infiltration due to their improper placements. Having a contractor inspect the window may help you find a solution.

However, if your windows are old, it’s time to upgrade them with new and energy-efficient units. When shopping for replacement windows, it’s best to get those with a high energy rating for high energy efficiency. This metric refers to a balance between U-factor, SHGC, and air leakage.

Interlock

A design feature that enables sashes to engage one another when closed.

Internal Grills

Grids mounted between the two panes of glass of an insulated glass unit.

J-Channel

Integral extension on the outside of a new window that eases installation on siding applications.

Jamb

"A jamb is the side post or lining of a doorway or window that makes up a door or window frame. It consists of two parts: head and side jambs. These structurally support the door or window panels and ensure they stay securely within the framing. They also feature soundproofing, insulation, and aesthetic improvements.

Door jambs come in different types: pre-hung, split door, and exterior jambs, and they can be made of wood, metal, or composite. Window jambs also have various types: standard, extension, casing, and drywall return jambs. They can be made of wood, vinyl, or aluminum.

Maintaining door and window jambs is important to prevent cracks and other damages. Make sure to clean them once a week to prevent bacteria and mould growth; these may cause surface rot and hinder smooth movement on your windows and doors. Dust away any debris, then use a damp microfibre cloth to wipe away the remains.

Windows and doors are often culprits of heat loss in a home due to their unsealed gaps between the panels and the frames. Manufacturers and contractors recommend weatherstripping to seal air and water leaks, keeping warm or cool air indoors. Multiple weatherstripping methods are available, but the most common ones are silicone, tension seal, foam, and door sweeps.

Jamb Extensions

Flat parts made of vinyl, wood, or other materials, which are attached to the inside edges of a window jamb to extend its width to adapt to thicker walls.

Keeper

The part of a window lock, mounted on an opposing surface of the window, that the lock arm locks under or into. Pulls the sash into a locked position, and fully releases it when opened.

Knocked Down

Not assembled; parts for a window or door frame, pre-manufactured for assembly at a later date on the job-site.

Krypton Gas

Yes, krypton is used in double and triple-pane windows as an insulator.

It is an inert, colourless, odourless, tasteless, and non-toxic gas three times heavier than air. It’s one of the rarest gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, with only 1 part per million by volume. Two scientists from University College in London, William Ramsay and Morris Travers, discovered its existence through liquefaction and evaporation of air on May 30, 1898.

While krypton gas is mainly used for fillings for energy-saving fluorescent lights, krypton gas is also used in windows because it slows down the movement of energy and prevents it from passing through the panes. This helps windows do a better job of keeping warm air in and cold air out, lowering utility bills by limiting the need for HVAC systems to work extra hard.

Krypton is denser and twice as effective as argon—another common insulator—in delaying energy transfers. Though krypton-insulated windows have greater efficiency, Canadian window manufacturers price them higher due to the scarcity of gas. In some cases, manufacturers blend argon and krypton together to offer everyone a more affordable and energy-efficient option. They may even add nitrogen, xenon, or oxygen to strike a balance between cost and insulation quality.

Laminated Glass

Laminated glass is a safety glass comprising of two or more layers of panes stuck together by thin polymer interlayers. Consumers can choose from a variety of colours and thicknesses to achieve the desired appearance and performance. Regardless of customization, laminated glass withstands great pressure because of the strong support formed by the multiple panes and interlayers. Massive brute strength would be needed to break through the surface. When broken, the glass cracks and forms a spider web pattern to minimize harm to anyone nearby.

Contractors and manufacturers prefer laminated glass for windows and other products for its many benefits. Its thickness and robustness heighten security and safety, making it a wise choice for preventing forced entries and damages due to natural disasters. This glass’s density also regulates your heating and cooling systems because it reduces emissions and heat gain from the sun. Laminated glass also lowers noise pollution since soundwaves are disrupted when travelling through its material.

Laminated glass can be used in endless ways, but its primary purpose is to provide safety or structural support. Skylights, canopies, and walk-on glass—to name a few—utilize this glass type to prevent accidents from happening. You’ll typically find laminated glass as a popular choice for car, building, and home windows.

Lift Handle

A handhold for raising and lowering the sash. ‘Handle’ indicates that the handhold is not continuous across the sash.

Lift Rail

A handhold for raising and lowering the sash. ‘Rail’ implies that the handhold is continuous across the sash.

Lineal Footage

Lineal footage, also known as linear footage or linear feet, is a unit of measurement that quantifies length. It measures one dimension of an object in a straight line, in contrast to square feet, which measure two dimensions: length and width. One linear foot equals 12 inches or one foot.

It's used in the construction industry to measure materials usually sold by lineal footage like lumber, rope, pipes, cables, wallpaper, fences, etc. It's useful in estimating required construction materials and total costs.

Calculating the linear footage requires a length measuring tool like a ruler, metre stick or measuring tape. To get the linear footage, measure from one end to another in a straight line. To convert square feet to linear footage, you'll need the square feet and the width. Multiply the square feet by 12 then divide the answer by the width. Doing this can help you determine the space an item will occupy.

Learning how to measure lineal footage can help you estimate costs and materials when doing home projects. It’ll also help you save money since you won’t have to buy excess products. If you're working with professionals, knowing the lineal feet of your home or treatment area can help you easily communicate your needs to contractors and salespeople.

Lite

A unit of glass in a window or door.

Low E Glass

Low emissivity glass—Low-E glass for short—is a pane designed to minimize the amount of infrared and ultraviolet rays passing through the surface. Its thin, transparent coating made of metallic oxide deflects dangerous rays while allowing light to enter.

The metallic oxide coating of Low-E glass is often compared to the silver inner layer of a thermos. Both reflect warmth inside a room or container, keeping the room toasty during cold months. Inversely, Low-E glass also rebounds summer heat outward and maintains a cool temperature in your home.

Low-E glass has spiked in popularity because of its many benefits. Installing this pane in window frames helps reduce heat loss in homes. This means your heating and cooling systems don’t have to work extra hard to maintain an ideal temperature, helping you save money. Additionally, metallic oxide coatings limit furniture, floors, and upholstery deterioration.

Two types of Low-E coatings are available: hard coat (passive coatings) and soft coat (solar control coatings). The former is a pyrolytic coating that fuses on the glass during its production process to create a strong, durable surface. It’s typically used in areas with cold climates as it still enables some of the heat energy from the sun to enter the home during the winter. The latter uses Magnetron Sputtering Vapor Deposition (MSVD), in which the coating is applied to pre-cut glass in a vacuum chamber at room temperature. Solar control coatings are more common in hotter climates where preventing external heat from entering a space is a priority.

Lintel

A lintel is a horizontal structureal support above a window or door opening that bears the weight of the wall above. Lintels are essential in construction, as they help distribute the load evenly, preventing the opening from collapsing or becoming distorted over time. They are commonly made from materials like steel, stone, or reinforced concrete, depending on the building’s design and load requirements.

In addition to their structural role, lintels can also serve as decorative elements in architectural design. In older or more traditional buildings, stone lintels may be ornately carved or feature unique detailing that adds to the aesthetic of the structure. Modern construction often favors steel lintels due to their strength and durability, particularly in larger buildings or those with heavy wall loads.

The size and type of lintel used depend on the width of the opening and the material of the wall, ensuring that it can support the necessary weight without sagging or failing. A well-installed lintel ensures the long-term stability and integrity of a building’s structure while allowing for larger, more open spaces like windows and doors.

Main Frame

The head, sill, and jamb sections of a window.

Masonry Opening

The space in a masonry wall left open for windows or doors.

Mechanically Fastened Frame

Window and door frames fastened with screws.

Meeting Rail

The horizontal sections of a pair of sashes that meet when the sashes are closed.

Mesh

Fabric made of fiberglass used in making screens.

Mullion

A mullion is an architectural device designed to create sections on windows or doors. This integral part of a window or door acts as vertical or horizontal support and creates divisions for multiple pieces of glass and panels.

Mullions were architectural staples in the Gothic and Renaissance eras. They can be made of various materials, including wood, metal, or stone, and come in a range of styles, from traditional and decorative to modern and minimalistic. They play a crucial role in enhancing the architectural character of a building while also influencing its overall appearance and functionality by defining individual sections within a larger window or door framework.

Aside from providing structural support, a mullion is perfect for breaking up large windows into smaller panels. They paved the way for the use of stained glass windows in churches and other monumental buildings. Today, mullions are optional decorative additions used to complement a building’s design.

Mullions come in various shapes to amplifying your home’s aesthetic. It’s possible to have straight, curved, or bent dividers to create interesting shapes on your windows and doors. Architects often encourage clients to select paint or stains when embellishing a mullion in their house.

Multi-Point Locking

A term used for locking hardware that engages a window sash to the frame at multiple locations with a single throw of an operator.

Muntin

A muntin—also known as a muntin bar, glazing bar, sash bar, or grille—refers to the vertical or horizontal wooden or steel dividers in a window.

These dividers were essential in supporting old buildings back in the day, as early structures couldn’t carry large window panes on walls and needed muntins to transmit the weight vertically. That’s why all glass panels are divided into smaller pieces to fit inside the muntin bars. In turn, a window unit displays a gridwork design.

Not all windows today use muntins due to technological evolution and improvement; most buildings can withstand the weight of large window units. Now, they're more often added as decoration.

There are three muntin styles to choose from: real, false, and removable. Real muntins often use wood as a divider to separate small glass panes, whereas false muntins are attached to the exterior of a window to create a divided illusion. You may also opt for removable muntins to ease cleaning or repainting a window.

Muntins for double or triple-pane windows also exist; these units have dividers installed between the glass panes' layers.

Nailing Fin

An extrusion attached to the main frame of a window used to secure a unit to the rough opening.

Night Latch

Hardware which, when extended, restricts the sash opening to a predetermined dimension.

Obscure Glass

Glass that has been made translucent instead of transparent.

Operable Window

A window that can be operated for ventilation.

Operating Panel

In a two-panel window or door, the panel that swings or slides open.

Operator

Crank-operated device used to open and close casement windows.

Pane

A pane, or window pane, typically refers to a transparent, flat, and even surface of glass inside a window or door frame. It allows light to shine through, brightening your interiors and warming up spaces during the day. Its variations include a single large sheet, a shaped pane, or multiple panes separated by muntins. They also come in single, double, and triple variations, indicating the number of glass sheets present in the window frame, an element that dictates the window's energy efficiency rating.

Glass panes weren’t always as popular as they are today. In the past, people used paper, animal skin, or thin slices of wood to prevent the cold air from coming in. Around 100 AD, Romans started using glass as window panes. However, their version was far from what we have today as their panes were slightly curved due to the blowing technique they used in creating glass.

In the early 17th century, glass became more popular in architecture. Multiple glass manufacturers opened for business and began producing glass panes in high volumes. Since then, the industry has expanded exponentially and continues to produce innovative types that elevate the functionality and architectural designs in houses and buildings.

Panel (Door)

A door panel, also known as a slab, is the whole part that swings back and forth. In sliding glass doors, it's the entire part that slides or stays in position.

Door panels can be customized however you like, but are most commonly done as panelled doors. These have intricate designs that improve curb appeal when used outdoors. They can also be used indoors to add dimension to interior design. A panelled door has vertical stiles on the sides, horizontal rails on the top, middle, and bottom, and a vertical mullion in the middle dividing it into smaller panels that may be raised or flat.

They come in different types: single, double, triple, and quadruple.  
- Single-panel doors have two stiles and a pair of top and bottom rails
- Double-panel doors have two wooden panels with a middle rail
- Triple-panel doors come with three wooden panels and two middle stiles
- Quadruple-panel doors have four panels—the first two are placed above the middle stile, and the other two are placed below

Panelled doors can also have up to 10 panels to create a unique door design.

Door panels may also come with trims or mouldings for personalization. Many opt for a classical Victorian design for an elegant yet simple look.

Patio Door

A glass door that slides open and close on adjustable tandem rollers. Available in 2, 3, and 4 section configurations.

Picture Window

A window that does not open (no moveable sash).

Pivot Bar

A metal post attached to a moving sash and seated in a balance shoe that allows the window sash to tilt.

Privacy Doors

These doors feature special glass designs that prevent people from peeking through them. They work great as entry doors, as the bevel designs are attractive yet functional.

Pull Handle

A handhold for sliding a sash back and forth. ‘Handle’ implies that the handhold is not continuous across the sash.

Pull Rail

A handhold for sliding the sash back and forth. ‘Rail’ implies that the handhold is continuous across the sash.

PVC

Polyvinyl chloride, also known as PVC or vinyl, is a thermoplastic polymer widely used in windows and doors but can also be used in pipework, cable insulation, and medical devices. It’s the third most popular thermoplastic by volume after polyethylene and polypropylene due to its impressive properties—lightweight, durable, and easy to process.

Because of all these pros, PVC is replacing traditional building materials like wood, metal, concrete, rubber, and ceramics in construction. It's a cheaper option that still provides reliable durability, making it a wise choice for homeowners.

PVC has two forms: flexible and rigid. Flexible PVC is used for insulation, plumbing pipes, and bendable electrical cables. On the other hand, rigid PVC is what manufacturers use to build tougher construction pipes and windows.

This material goes through melting, squeezing, and cooling processes to be formed. The result is then cut into the shape of window frames and other compartments.

PVC windows became the ideal replacement units to increase home energy efficiency because it retards flames, resists chemical reactions, and insulates electricity and vapour. It also resists corrosion and weathering, making it the perfect low-maintenance window choice. On top of that, this window type comes with multiple customization options in terms of colour, shape, and size.

Quarter Round Window

Stationary or operating window shaped as a quarter circle.

R-Value

R-value, or “resistance value,” is a measure of the thermal resistance of an insulating material. It quantifies the material's ability to resist the flow of heat from one side to the other. A higher R-value indicates better insulation performance.

It is used to evaluate the effectiveness of materials like insulation in buildings, with the primary goal of reducing heat transfer through walls, floors, and roofs. The R-value considers factors like thickness, density, and conductivity of insulating materials.

The formula for calculating R-value is R = Thickness / Thermal Conductivity, where the thickness is the thickness of the material in inches and thermal condictivity is a property indicating how well the material conducts heat. Building codes often specify minimum R-values for different parts of a building, helping to ensure energy efficiency and comfortable indoor environments.

For windows and doors, R-value is particularly important is assessing their energy efficiency. Windows with high R-values have excellent resistance to heat transfer, which lessens air leaks and sudden temperature changes. Installing windows with high R-values can provide lower energy consumption, improved insulation, reduced solar heat gain, and greater savings on electricity bills.

You’ll typically find an R-value number and description displayed on the energy labels of these products. If a window’s energy label doesn’t have an R-value, use this formula: R-value = 1/U-value. The U-value measures how quickly or slowly a window allows heat to pass through its surface. Using U and R-values, you’ll have a better understanding of how effectively a window insulates heat. Overall, a window with a high R-value and low U-value offers outstanding levels of insulation and heat transfer balance.

Radiation

Wave energy transmitted directly from one object to another through the atmosphere or through transparent / translucent materials. The energy radiated is either transmitted, absorbed, reflected, or a combination of all three.

Relative Humidity Condensation Point

The relative humidity level at which visible water vapor or other liquid vapor begins to form on a cold surface. If the temperature changes, but no water vapor is added or taken away, then the relative humidity will also change, increasing as the temperature falls. The relative humidity will continue to rise with falling temperature until the dew-point is reached – or, the temperature at which the relative humidity becomes 100%.

Replacement Window

A window that is designed for and subsequently installed after the removal of all or part of a previously-installed window.

Retrofit

Adding or replacing items not provided at the time of original construction. Common retrofit products include replacement doors and windows, insulation, storm windows, caulking, weather-stripping, vents, and landscaping.

Reveal

The edge of a door or window jamb not covered by the casing.

Roll-formed Screen Frame

A method of fabrication in which material (vinyl) is placed on a machine, where the material is formed into shape using differently shaped rollers and pressure.

Rough Opening

A rough opening is a vacant space cut out of a wall where a window or a door will eventually be installed. Contractors create a large gap with precision so homeowners won’t have difficulty determining the window or door frame size they'll later need. Its precise measurements—width and height—are usually larger than the frame to grant room for a secure installation.

When looking for doors and windows, Canadian manufacturers will provide a spec sheet indicating the preferred rough opening size and the net frame size. These refer to the actual size of the window or door, which will be slightly smaller than the rough opening. Homeowners are often advised to order their desired frame ahead of time so the contractors can create a rough opening accordingly.

When installing a new window or door on a blank wall, consulting with experts will ensure your rough openings are free from jagged edges and cuts. Contractors begin the process by marking the wall where the planned opening will go. Then, they’ll cut and frame the opening while ensuring all four sides are plumb (completely vertical) and level. Contractors may slope the sill, expand the opening, or decrease its size depending on needed adjustments.

Retrofit Windows

Retrofit windows, also known as replacement windows, are specially designed to fit into an existing door or window frame without requiring major construction or alteration to the surrounding wall. Common retrofit products include replacement doors and windows, insulation, storm windows, caulking, weather-stripping, vents, and landscaping.

These windows are commonly used in older homes or buildings where upgrading to modern, energy-efficient windows is desired without disturbing the original structure. Retrofit windows offer a cost-effective solution for homeowners looking to improve insulation, reduce noise, and enhance the overall appearance of their home.

Unlike new construction windows, which require the removal of the entire window frame, retrofit windows are installed within the existing frame, making the process quicker and less invasive. They can be custom-made to match the size and shape of the original window opening, ensuring a proper fit.

Available in various materials like vinyl, wood, or aluminum, retrofit windows also come with multiple glazing options, such as double or triple panes, to boost energy efficiency. Homeowners often choose retrofit windows as a way to improve their home's comfort and reduce energy bills, all while preserving the building’s aesthetic and minimizing construction costs.

Safety Glass

A strengthened or reinforced glass that is less susceptible to breakage or splintering.

Sand Blasting

Sand blasting, also known as abrasive blasting, is a process used to clean, strip, or shape surfaces. This technique smoothens rough surfaces at high speeds using abrasive particles, such as sand or glass beads. This process effectively removes any impurities, old coatings, or imperfections from the surface, creating a clean and textured finish.

Sand blasting is commonly used to enhance the adhesion of paint or coatings, ensuring they bond securely to the material. It also imparts a frosted or textured appearance to glass, adding both aesthetic appeal and privacy to windows and doors.

Before sand blasting became popular, craftsmen and machinists manually sanded surfaces. They used jagged brushes and sandpaper to smoothen out protruded areas, prolonging preparation time. All of that changed when Benjamin Chew Tilghman created the abrasive blasting technique in the 1870s and increased the efficiency of workplaces.

Sash

The components that hold a window glass in place inside the frame.

Sash Lift

A window sash lift is a handle attached to single-hung or double-hung windows after installation. Also known as a sash handle or window pull, it allows easy opening and closing of hung windows, making it ideal for people with limited mobility or strength. There are three types of window sash lifts that vary in size: bar, hand, and finger lifts.

A bar lift is the largest and requires two hands to operate the window; it’s perfect for big windows that are difficult or too heavy to open with one hand. A hand lift best fits medium-sized hung windows since it only needs three to four fingers for operation. Finger lifts, which look like hooks wide enough to fit a finger or two, are more suitable for small windows that are easier to open.

Adding a window sash lift eases the operation and reduces the struggle to lift or lower sash windows. It also prevents your windows from getting stuck in an awkward position since it helps you move in one smooth direction. You get more control over how much air you let in your house.

Additionally, a sash lift adds style and appeal to your windows. Whether you’re going for a modern or rustic look, you'll find lifts in different designs that suit your preferences.

Sash Stop

A molding that covers the joint between window sash and the jamb.

Screen

A window screen is a mesh cover for windows, allowing air to flow indoors while keeping debris, animals, and bugs out. It can be used for residential or commercial applications, especially when you want to add ventilation inside the building. Window screens can be made out of aluminum, fibreglass, polyester, stainless steel, or copper-bronze and brass. They also come in different types: standard, solar, retractable, and specialty screens.

Window screens may be sold separately or as part of windows which can be installed on window frames or come as removable parts. They're available for all window types, such as hung, sliding, and casement windows. For custom-shaped windows, contractors can make custom window screens that fit the unit.

Over time, window screens get dirty due to condensation, pollen, and dust buildup. It’s important to clean them at least once a month; otherwise, dirt prevents fresh air from entering indoors.

If you have fixed screens, grab a damp towel to wipe debris from the surface. If you have removable screens, remove them from the window then rinse with a hose. Dry the screens with a rag before putting them back in place.

Sealant

A compressible plastic material used to close any opening or junction of two parts, such as between the glass and its sash. Commonly comprised of silicone, butyl tape, or polysulfide.

Side Lite

A side lite is a narrow, vertical window installed on the side of an entry door. It's usually built within the door frame and can be placed either on one side or both sides of the door. Side lites can also come with transom windows that sit above the entire door and the side lites to bring more light into the entryway.

Side lites allow more natural light to your home and add extra detail to the exterior. Its vertical glass creates an illusion of a wider entrance, creating a welcoming atmosphere. Additionally, side lite contributes to your home’s energy efficiency with its insulated and glazed glass properties.

They're made from toughened glass and can be customized to preserve home privacy. Homeowners usually choose various glass finishes like glaze to prevent prying eyes from peeking into their homes while maintaining good lighting in their entryways.

Side lites come in different sizes: full, half, ¾, and ¼.  Their styles can also be panelled, full, double doors, or arched. You can choose from these different styles and add colours to elevate the appearance. Some homeowners match the side lites' colour to the door’s or the trim’s base colour for a cohesive look.

Sill

The horizontal section located at the bottom of the frame.

Simulated Divided Lite

A method of constructing windows in which muntins are affixed to the inside and outside of a panel of insulating glass, simulating the look of a true divided lite.

Single Hung

A window in which one sash slides vertically, and the other sash is fixed. Generally, the bottom sash is the operable one.

Slab (Door)

A slab door, also known as a blank door, is the door itself; it doesn’t have a frame, hinges, or doorknobs. In other words, it’s the bare version of a pre-hung door unit.

A slab is an economical choice for contractors working on projects with existing doorframes, replacing a single door, and working on a limited budget. Transporting the slab won’t be an issue since it’s lightweight and doesn’t come with hardware. However, it may have pre-drilled holes for a lockset and inset. Slabs come with a wide range of design options, from traditional to modern finishes, for maximized personalization.

However, installing a slab door is more tedious than working with a pre-hung door unit. You’ll need to measure, mark, and cut mortises precisely to make way for hinges. If the slab didn’t come with pre-drilled holes, you'll have to do that yourself. You'd also need to trim the door to fit it in an existing doorframe.

While DIY door installation is possible, you can hire a professional contractor to install the slab. They can fix, adjust, and attach the door to its frame in a day or two.

Sloped Sill

The sill of the window that has a downward slope to the outside, to assist in excessive rainwater runoff.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) refers to the measurement of solar energy transmitted through the window, and it also indicates how well the window blocks heat from the sun. The scale for SHGC ranges from 0 to 1, with standard values sitting between 0.25 and 0.80. A lower value means less heat passes through the window.

All windows must pass through a series of tests handled by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) to determine their SHGC value. The rating then becomes part of a window’s label alongside the u-factor, air leakage, and condensation resistance. Together, these factors provide insight into a window’s overall energy performance.

SGHC can be helpful when choosing a window relative to regional climates. Most experts recommend those living in colder climates choose windows with higher SHGC so more heat can pass through and warm the house. Conversely, hotter regions will benefit from low SHGC windows to keep their homes cool. For best results, it’s highly recommended to consult with professionals before deciding what windows to get for your home.

Spacer

Window spacers are essential components in double or triple-pane windows. They are typically made of aluminum or silicone and are positioned between the glass panes, creating a sealed space. These spacers serve multiple critical functions, such as maintaining the appropriate gap between the glass panes, preventing them from touching, and ensuring the insulating gas (like argon or krypton) remains sealed within the unit.

Spacers are necessary for maintaining a window’s structure; they are flexible enough to absorb stress from thermal expansion and contraction to prevent the window from breaking. A spacer acts as a seal to block gas leakages and moisture from the window, limiting mould growth and condensation.

Three spacer types are used in multiple-glazed windows: non-metallic, warm-edge, and metal. A non-metallic spacer has expanding flexibility, allowing it to absorb and block heat and cold transfers. A warm-edge spacer cuts condensation by blocking heat and cold from passing through by blending metallic and non-metallic materials. Lastly, metal spacers are the most common choice but have difficulty handling temperature changes.

Windows use two types of spacer systems: single-seal and double-seal. The former uses an organic butyl sealant applied at the bottom of the spacer, while the latter uses organic butyl and silicone seals on the top and bottom to make a window sturdier and impenetrable.

Stain

A blemish on a glass surface created by water or other solutions.

Stile/Threshold

The vertical edges of a door window or screen. The bottom part of the frame; refers to the part the door slides against.

Stop

A trim member attached to the window frame, stopping the sash of a projecting window when closed to prevent it from swinging through the opening.

It also covers the perimeter crack between the sash and the window frame in double hung and sliding windows, and prevents the sash from coming out of the frame. Stops used at the top or bottom of the balance channel prevent the sash in hung windows from hitting one another when opened.

Stud

Studs are vertical framing members that provide support and foundation for indoor and outdoor walls as they require fasteners as their anchors to prevent them from lifting off the foundation during calamities. Buildings must have abundant studs to hold windows, doors, interior finishes, insulation, and utilities in place and provide shape to a room or building.

Two types of materials are used as studs in construction: wood and steel. Wood studs come from softwood trees with standard dimensions of 8 feet long, 2"x4”, 2"x6”, and 2"x8”. They run from floor to ceiling and are commonly used for building load-bearing walls. On the other hand, steel studs are cold-formed steel components that support non-load-bearing applications like interior walls and partitions.

In window installation, the stud-to-stud process involves removing all built-in components from the previous window, such as the frame, jamb, and casing. This is in contrast to retrofit window installation, where new windows are inserted into the existing window frame and the wall is not stripped to the studs.

The vacant space grants homeowners the freedom to choose a new window style, size, and shape to improve the home’s overall look. It’s also the perfect time to add insulation to the walls and windows to increase home energy efficiency.

Shims

Shims are thin, wedge-shaped pieces of material (often wood shingles) used in construction and installation to adjust the alignment and fit of windows and doors. Shims are placed between the window or door frame and the rough opening to fill gaps and ensure a level, secure fit. They help prevent uneven installation, which could lead to drafts, water leaks, or even structural instability over time.

During window installation, shims are used to correct any imperfections in the wall or window frame, ensuring the window is properly aligned and securely fastened. After placing the window, installers insert shims around the frame to adjust its position before fastening it into place. Shims can also be used to prevent warping or shifting over time, especially in areas prone to expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

Once the installation is complete, excess shim material is typically trimmed away to ensure a clean finish. Shims are a simple yet crucial tool in construction and installation, helping to achieve a precise and level fit, improving overall performance and longevity of windows, doors, and other structures.

Square Foot

Square footage refers to the total area of a space, measured in feet, and is commonly used to describe the size of rooms, homes, or other structures.  unit of measure for designating an area of one foot by one foot. It is calculated by multiplying width (in inches) by height (in inches) divided by 144 = area in square feet. In real estate, square footage is a key factor in determining the value of a property, as larger spaces tend to command higher prices.

Square footage is typically divided into two categories: gross and net square footage. Gross square footage includes all areas within the building's outer walls, including hallways, closets, and storage areas. Net square footage, on the other hand, refers only to the usable, livable space within a structure. When buying or renting a property, it’s important to clarify whether the listed square footage refers to gross or net, as this can affect the functional space available.

Understanding square footage is crucial in various industries, including construction, design, and real estate, as it impacts everything from pricing and taxes to energy efficiency and furniture layout. It’s a basic yet essential measurement in understanding the scale of a building or room.

Tape Glazing

Two-sided tape used to secure and seal the glass to the sash. Also known as 'wet glazing'.

Tempered Glass

Tempered glass is a type of safety glass processed and hardened by thermal or chemical treatments. It has various applications, including home windows, passenger vehicles, shower doors, and more. It’s four times tougher and stronger than a standard annealed glass, requiring extra power to smash it into pieces.

The tempering process involves heating the glass inside an oven at 1,200°F. Then, manufacturers cool down the heated glass by rapidly blasting cold air onto the product. Doing so compresses the surface edges of up to 10,000 psi while adding tension to the glass’ inner layer. Because of this, tempered glass resists tensile stress and impact breaks.

Tempered glass splits into granular pieces instead of pointed shards when it breaks. This feature proves itself to be safe since it doesn’t harm those who get in contact with broken pieces. Its shatterproof and almost unbreakable feature also attracts homeowners to use it for their windows to prevent break-ins and burglaries.

Aside from that, professionals recommend using tempered glass in stressful areas such as high-temperature environments. Its resistance to wear and tear makes it a viable option for protecting people from sudden glass breaks due to heat.

Thermal Break

A thermal break or barrier is a polyamide or polyurethane material with low thermal conductivity fixed on a window frame’s extrusion to reduce the flow of thermal energy.

Aluminum windows often use thermal breaks as they have a higher heat conduction rate compared to other window materials, meaning it’s easier for warm and cold air to pass through. Contractors will install an insulated barrier between a window frame's interior and exterior sides to curb conductive thermal energy loss by restricting the travel of heat and cold through the frame. This makes your indoor temperature more stable and comfortable all year round.

Adding thermal breaks to windows increases the energy efficiency of your home by reducing the need to use your HVAC systems on full blast. Another advantage of thermal breaks is reduced condensation as they minimize the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor surfaces. This leads to a lower moisture buildup, limiting mould growth and enhancing building longevity.

Thermal breaks also contribute to environmental sustainability. By lessening energy consumption, they help homeowners reduce the carbon emissions from heating and cooling systems. This is why some governments encourage their citizens to install thermal barriers with significant tax incentives.

Thermal Expansion

A change in dimension of a material as a result of temperature change.

Tilt Latch

A mechanism that unlocks the sash and allows it to tilt in for easy cleaning.

Tilt-In Sash

A sash that can be tilted to the interior for easy cleaning.

Tinted Glass

Glass with material added, giving the glass a light and/or heat reducing properties and colour.

Total Unit U-Values and R-Values

The heat lost by windows is expressed with U-values, or U-factors. U-values are the mathematical inverse of R-values. So, an R-value of 2 equals a U-value of 1/2, or 0.5. Unlike R-values, lower U-value indicates higher insulating efficiency.

Transom

A transom is a horizontal beam separating a door from a transom window placed above it, opposite the vertical mullion. This architectural feature is a popular customization choice, especially if you want to add flair to your house’s exterior. It can be as simple as a plain divider or as grand as a carved beam.

This addition makes way for you to install a transom window, which is a fenestration product that’s available as a stationary or operable framework. Choosing the latter gives cross-ventilation to your home while maintaining privacy. It’s common in schools, apartments, houses, and office buildings.

Transom windows can come in unique designs based on your request. They may take a crescent or rectangular shape to fit the aesthetics of your house. You can even install stained glass or frosted windows for extra privacy. Installing transom windows typically happens during the design phase of a construction project. It’s when architects and engineers collaborate to see if it’s feasible for your house to have such an opening. However, it’s also possible to install this fenestration feature on existing buildings though it’ll take a lot of time, planning, and preparation for the project to be successful.

Transom Window

A large, fixed window. Typically semi-circular or an artistic variation of that shape, mounted above a door or a group of windows, primarily for additional light and aesthetic value.

True Divided Lite

A term commonly used to describe the arrangement of grills in a single-sealed unit, giving the effect of divided lites (individual panes of glass in a single unit).

U-Value

U-value—also known as the U-factor—measures the amount of heat transferred through a material. Its unit of measurement is expressed in watts per square meter degree Celsius.

Window ratings include U-value so consumers can make informed decisions based on their purchases. When looking at U-values, it’s important to note that lower numbers are better as these indicate a slower heat transfer and a high level of insulation. In Canada, the standard U-value range is 0.20 to 1.20.

Before windows are released to the market, manufacturers and testers perform experiments to compute the U-value. They use a unique formula where one is divided by the summation of a material’s fixed external resistance, fixed internal resistance, and resistivity of all elements within the application. The result is displayed on the official window rating.

Several factors influence the U-value of the window: the glass type, the insulator used between the panes, the distance between panes, the thermal properties of a spacer bar, the frame materials, and the number of panes within the unit. Modifications to any of these directly affects the window's U-value.

Ultraviolet (UV)

Ultraviolet (UV) light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that comes from the sun but can't be seen as visible light due to its short wavelengths, ranging from 10 to 400 nanometers. UV light is also present in tanning lamps, black lights, and electric arcs.

UV light is divided into three sub-bands: UVA (315-400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm), and UVC (180-280 nm). The longer wavelengths of UVA and UVB allow them to penetrate the earth’s atmosphere and come in contact with human skin. UVC may have shorter wavelengths, but they’re the most harmful and are absorbed by the ozone layer.

Exposure to UV light benefits the skin because it provides vitamin D. However, too much exposure may lead to wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and skin cancer. Not only that, but UV radiation affects the integrity of objects like furniture, carpets, and flooring. Uncovered or untreated windows let in harsh light indoors and cause the quality of objects to deteriorate. You may find colour fading from fabrics, wood, and other exposed surfaces.

Protect your health and home from UV light with window installments. You may add curtains, blinds, and window films to reduce excessive heat, increase privacy, and improve home security.

Vent

The operating portion of a window that swings in or projects out.

Venting Unit

A window or door unit that opens or operates.

Vinyl

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or vinyl for short, is an economical and versatile material used for multiple kinds of applications, such as construction, electronics, and automobiles. This synthetic resin comes from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. It comes in rigid and flexible forms—the rigid form is commonly used for construction and packaging, while the flexible option is for plumbing, electrical cable insulation, and musical records.

In the fenestration industry, vinyl is a crowd-favourite among homeowners and contractors because of its unique and unmatched features. Among other materials, vinyl shows promise in durability; it is resistant to corrosion, rotting, and pests! It can even withstand harsh weather conditions, including heat waves and heavy rainfall.

Vinyl windows and doors are also energy-efficient because they offer excellent thermal insulation to reduce heat transfer and energy loss. This means less stress on your heating and cooling systems and lower operating costs. Most importantly, this material offers a plethora of stylized options. Whatever colour, pattern, or texture you need, vinyl products can mimic what you’re looking for.

The best part about vinyl material is its affordability. At a modest price, multiple homeowners can enjoy its endless benefits. This material is also easy to work with and doesn’t require complex installation or application compared to other materials.

Vinyl Clad

A door or frame made of wood, with an exterior skin of vinyl.

Vinyl Window

A window whose frame and sashes are made from vinyl.

Warm Edge Spacer

A non-conductive edge spacer found in insulating glass units, instead of the conventional aluminum (conductive) edge spacer. “Warm Edge” spacers may be made of butyl, silicone foam, or other non-metallic materials and sealants.

Weatherproofing

Weatherproofing, as it pertains to windows and doors, is the process of making them resistant to the effects of weather such as rain, wind, snow, and temperature spikes. It involves sealing drafts to prevent warm air from leaking out and cold air from entering. Other benefits include water leak resistance, reduced risks of mould formation, improved HVAC efficiency, and lower electricity bills.

Drafts or holes are signs that windows and doors need weatherproofing. These arise for different reasons, but the most common reasons are improper installation, poor sealing, and high moisture levels around fenestrations. You can easily spot the holes by looking for cracked seals, whistling or buzzing sounds, and condensation.

There are several ways you can approach weatherproofing for windows: weatherstripping, adding window films, installing draft snakes & door sweeps, using insulated curtains, caulking, foam insulation, and foil stripping. Homeowners may combine multiple methods for better results that improve their home’s energy efficiency.

It’s best to consult with window contractors and ask what weatherproofing method is best suited for your home. These professionals will provide you with expert tips on application to prevent sealing failures in the future.

Weatherstripping

Weatherstripping is a material or a combination of materials used to seal gaps and openings around doors, windows, and other openings in buildings to prevent the infiltration of outdoor elements such as air, water, dust, pests, and noise.

Materials for weatherstripping may vary, depending on their placement. Strips placed on doors tend to have a harder and rougher texture to withstand wear and tear, while window strips are more malleable. The most common types of weather strips are door sweepers, door shoes, tension seal or vinyl, felt, reinforced foam, tape, rolled or reinforced vinyl, magnetic, tubular rubber, reinforced silicone, bulb threshold, fin seal, frost-brake threshold, and interlocking metal channels.

Choosing the appropriate type of weatherstripping depends on factors like the type of door or window, the size of the gaps to be sealed, and the prevailing weather conditions in the area. Regular maintenance and replacement of weatherstripping are necessary to ensure its effectiveness and prolong the life of the sealing system.

Weep Flaps

A vinyl flap covering a weep hole, which allows water to escape, while keeping insects out.

Weep Holes

Weep holes are small openings at the bottom of window frames that allow water to exit the frame, preventing it from collecting inside and causing permanent damage to the window structure. Vinyl, aluminum, steel, and fibreglass windows often allot ample space for weep holes. These materials have chambers that allow moisture to seep right into the frame. Tiny as they may be, these gaps play a vital role in maintaining your window’s health and appearance.

Without weep holes, the water inside the chambers will ruin a window’s aesthetic appearance and functionality. Over time, the trapped moisture would cause the window frame, drywall, and insulation to rot and deteriorate. If the surface were to stay wet, it would also serve as a breeding ground for mould and mildew, which are health hazards. The lack of proper drainage often leads to irreparable damage that requires a complete replacement.

While adding weep holes is beneficial in the long run, you shouldn’t neglect maintenance. These gaps are susceptible to blockages, so you must remove obstructions regularly. To test for blocked weep holes, spray water on the outer side of the window frame. No water flowing out of the openings indicates a blockage.

Weep Slots

Slots or holes in the sill (bottom) member of the window and door frame that provides an outdoor release of infiltrated rainwater.

Wet Glazing

A silicone-based substance used to secure and seal glass to the sash.

Window Frame

The primary purpose of a window frame is to hold the glass or glazing of a window securely in place within the opening of a building's wall. It provides a rigid structure that keeps the glass panels in position and prevents them from shifting or falling out. The frame also helps to seal the gap between the window and the wall, contributing to weatherproofing and insulation of the building. It plays a crucial role in the overall stability, functionality, and aesthetics of the window.

Window frames have three parts: the head, sill, and jamb. The head is the horizontal beam on top of the frame, also known as the head jamb or first mullion. On the sides, you’ll find the jambs, which are the vertical sections of a window frame. At the bottom, you’ll find the sill; it sometimes has a window ledge or space for you to put items such as potted plants.

Window frames come in varying materials, including wood, vinyl, aluminum, and fibreglass—each has its pros and cons. Beyond its functional aspects, the window frame also plays a significant role in the visual appearance of a building. It can enhance the architectural style and character of a structure, adding to its overall curb appeal.

Window Glass

Window glass is the pane that sits inside the frame that allows light to enter while providing insulation and protection fromt the elements. It’s typically made from materials like tempered glass, which is heat-treated for added strength, or laminated glass, which consists of multiple layers for enhanced safety. Depending on the window's purpose, the glass can vary in thickness, style, and performance features, such as UV protection or noise reduction.

Modern windows often use insulated glass units (IGUs), which consist of two or more panes of glass separated by a spacer and sealed to create an air gap. This gap is sometimes filled with an inert gas like argon, improving thermal insulation and energy efficiency. Window glass can also be treated with coatings like Low-E (low emissivity) to reflect heat and prevent fading of interior furnishings.

Frosted or tinted glass is used for privacy in spaces like bathrooms or front doors. The type of glass chosen plays a crucial role in the window's overall performance, including how well it retains heat, reduces energy costs, and ensures safety.

Window Glazing

Window glazing refers to the window glass or pane, the window glazing compound or putty, and the process of sealing the glass to the sash. All these optimize a home’s energy efficiency by adding extra insulation to the windows. However, in a general sense, manufacturers and window installation experts use the term “window glazing” to refer to pane types.

In terms of panes, window glazing comes in different types: single glaze, double glaze, triple glaze, and Low-E glass. Single-glazed windows have one layer of glass and offer low protection against heat or cold. Double-glazed windows use two layers of glass with a space in between them for an insulator (i.e. air, argon, krypton) to prevent heat loss. Triple-glazed windows have three layers of glass and therefore grant more room for inert gases; they offer the best insulation for a higher price. Low-E window glazing refers to coated glasses with the ability to reduce the heat passing through their surface.

Choosing the correct window glazing is vital in reducing energy costs at home. The glass and glazing type you pick affects how much heat your home loses or gains. If your window glazing isn’t maximized, your heating and cooling systems will use more energy to regulate indoor temperatures.

Window Hardware

Various devices and mechanisms for the window, including cords, chains, fasteners and locks, hinges and pivots, lifts and pulls, pulleys, sash weights, sash balances, etc.

Window Lites

Window lite are individual panes of glass within a window or door, separated by bars called muntins or mullions. Traditionally, lites were a necessity due to the limitations of glass manufacturing, where large sheets of glass were difficult to produce. To create larger windows, smaller panes, or lites, were combined within a frame. Today, while large sheets of glass are more readily available, window lites remain popular for their aesthetic appeal, offering a classic, divided look.

Lites are most commonly seen in traditional or colonial-style windows, where multiple panes create visual interest and architectural character. Modern versions of these windows may have simulated divided lites, where grids are applied over a single pane of glass to mimic the look of separate lites without compromising energy efficiency.

The number of lites can vary, with common configurations being six-over-six or nine-over-nine, referring to the number of panes in each sash. Lites add charm and elegance to windows, especially in older homes or buildings aiming to capture a historic or vintage look, all while allowing natural light to filter into a space.

Window Sash

A window sash is a fundamental component of a window frame. It consists of the framework that holds the glass panes in place within the window opening. Sashes can be moveable or fixed, allowing for opening and closing. They're typically crafted from wood, metal, aluminum, or vinyl and may incorporate additional elements like grids or muntins for design and support.

Single-hung windows use both types of sashes, while double-hung windows have two movable sashes. To lock a window sash in place, a sash lock hardware is installed.

When it comes to construction, a window sash is integral in keeping the window in place and maintaining durability. It should be air-tight, fusion-welded, and reinforced to prevent distortion over time. Otherwise, leaks and locking difficulties will occur, causing inefficiency in your home. The movable sashes should also be appropriately aligned with the window to prevent jams.

Window Size

Size of the actual window frame; always expressed as width first, then height.

Window Style

The description of the way a window operates; example hung, sliders, casements etc.

Window Vent

A window vent is the operating portion of a window that swings in or projects out, allowing air to flow into or out of a space. It provides ventilation while maintaining the window’s security and energy efficiency. Commonly found in modern homes, window vents help regulate the indoor air quality by letting in fresh air and expelling stale or humid air. They are often used in rooms like kitchens, bathrooms, and basements where proper ventilation is essential to prevent moisture buildup and mold.

Window vents come in different styles, including trickle vents, which are small openings at the top of a window, and louvered vents, which have slats that can be adjusted to control airflow. Some vents are built directly into the window frame, while others can be added as an aftermarket accessory. These vents help improve air circulation and can also be fitted with filters to block insects, dust, and allergens.

They are useful in climates where opening a full window might not be ideal due to temperature, security concerns, or noise. Overall, window vents provide a practical solution to improving indoor air quality without compromising safety or comfort.

Window Reveal

A window reveal is the part of a window or door jamb that is not covered by the casing, remaining visible once the window is installed. It’s the section of the wall opening where the window fits, creating the transition between the window itself and the wall surface.

The reveal provides both a functional and aesthetic role in window installation, giving the window a finished appearance and contributing to its overall stability.

The reveal can be designed in various ways depending on the architectural style and the type of window being installed. It may be flush with the interior wall or recessed, creating a more pronounced frame. Window reveals can also be finished with materials such as plaster, wood, or molding, offering additional design elements to complement the room’s decor.

From a practical standpoint, the reveal helps to protect the edges of the window frame from damage and plays a key role in sealing gaps between the window and the wall. Properly fitted reveals can improve energy efficiency by minimizing drafts and heat loss, ensuring that the window is securely integrated into the structure.

Window

A window is an opening in an external wall or roof of a building that allows light, air, and sometimes sound to pass through while providing views of the outside. The entire window unit consists of a frame, sash, glazing, and any operable elements. It is typically filled with transparent or translucent glass and framed by materials such as wood, vinyl, or aluminum. Windows come in various shapes, sizes, and styles, and they play an important role in the comfort, functionality, and design of a home or building.

Windows serve multiple purposes: they provide natural lighting, improve ventilation, and create a connection between indoor and outdoor spaces. They can also help with energy efficiency by allowing heat from the sun to warm a space during colder months while modern windows are designed to minimize heat loss and drafts.

Windows also contribute to the overall aesthetic of a building, with different styles—such as casement, awning, or picture windows—enhancing both the interior and exterior design.

Depending on the type and location, windows can be fixed or operable, meaning they can open to allow air circulation. Windows may also include additional features like shutters, screens, or blinds to regulate light, privacy, and temperature inside the building.

Window Crank

A window crank is a mechanism used to open and close casement or awning windows by turning a handle. The crank system allows the window to swing outward or upward, depending on the window type, offering precise control over ventilation and air circulation. Window cranks are commonly found on casement windows, which are hinged on one side, or on awning windows, which are hinged at the top.

The crank mechanism operates through a series of gears that move the window sash in and out. This design allows for a smooth, gradual opening and closing, making it easier to control the amount of fresh air entering the room. Window cranks are typically made from durable materials like metal or plastic to ensure long-lasting functionality.

One of the key advantages of using a window crank is that it allows for windows to be opened and closed without needing to push or pull on the window itself, which can be particularly useful for windows installed in hard-to-reach places, such as above a sink. The crank also helps create a tight seal when the window is closed, enhancing the window's energy efficiency and security.